The U.S. Supreme Court announced on Monday that it will hear a Republican-led challenge to federal campaign finance regulations. The case questions whether limits on how much political parties can spend to support specific candidates violate the First Amendment’s free speech protections.

The appeal, National Republican Senatorial Committee v. Federal Election Commission, was filed by the NRSC, NRCC, and two Republican Senate candidates—one of whom is now Vice President JD Vance. They argue that these spending limits restrict political parties from fully supporting their candidates.

According to the petitioners, the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 unfairly limits political party committees’ ability to associate with and advocate for their chosen candidates. They claim the current law conflicts with constitutional rights and significantly hinders campaign efforts.

This case could have sweeping implications. With the Court’s 6-3 conservative majority, a ruling in favor of the NRSC could undermine key provisions of the 1971 law, which was designed to prevent excessive financial influence in elections.

The case is especially timely. Federal campaign spending has reached record-breaking levels in the 2024 election cycle, with presidential candidates raising over $2 billion and spending about $1.8 billion, according to FEC data.

Unusually, the Trump-aligned Justice Department has chosen to support the NRSC in its challenge. This pits the federal government against long-standing legislation passed by Congress, highlighting the exceptional nature of the dispute.

On the other side, the Democratic National Committee, along with its House and Senate arms, has requested permission to defend the current regulations. They aim to uphold a lower court’s decision that maintained the spending limits as constitutional.

The case is expected to be one of the most significant the Court will hear in its upcoming term. Coming just after a dramatic end to the current term—where justices reined in judicial power and issued a win to cultural conservatives—the stage is set for another landmark ruling that could reshape campaign finance laws for years to come.