Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are small fluid-filled lesions that usually appear on or around the lips. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which infects a large portion of the global population. According to the World Health Organization, about 67% of people under 50 carry HSV-1, although many never show symptoms. For those who do, cold sores can recur multiple times a year, often triggered by various factors.

The HSV-1 virus is usually transmitted through oral contact and remains dormant in nerve cells after the initial infection. It can reactivate due to triggers such as stress, fatigue, illness, hormonal changes, sun exposure, or dental procedures. When reactivated, the virus travels along nerves to the skin, causing blisters typically near the lips but sometimes on the chin, cheeks, nostrils, or inside the mouth. Symptoms often start with tingling or itching, followed by blistering, oozing, and crusting, and usually heal within 7 to 10 days.

While there is no cure for HSV-1, several treatments help reduce symptoms and speed healing. Prescription antiviral medications like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are most effective when started early. Over-the-counter options such as docosanol cream and topical pain relievers can ease discomfort. Additionally, some natural remedies like aloe vera, lemon balm, cold compresses, and petroleum jelly may support symptom relief and healing but should be used carefully.

Preventing outbreaks involves managing triggers and maintaining overall health. Keeping a journal to identify stressors, protecting lips with SPF, getting enough sleep, eating well, and staying hydrated can help. HSV-1 is contagious even without visible sores, so avoiding oral contact during outbreaks, not sharing personal items, and practicing good hygiene are essential to prevent spreading the virus.

If cold sores become frequent, severe, or spread to sensitive areas like the eyes, it is important to see a healthcare provider. They may prescribe antiviral therapy either episodically during outbreaks or as daily suppressive treatment. With proper care and awareness, cold sores can be managed effectively, minimizing their impact on daily life.